手写Promise核心原理及源码实现_javascript技巧

Promise 有 pending、fulfilled、rejected 三种状态,状态一旦改变不可逆;2. 通过 then 方法注册回调并返回新 Promise 实现链式调用;3. 回调异步执行,使用 queueMicrotask 模拟微任务;4. resolvePromise 函数处理 then 返回值,若为 Promise 则递归解析,否则直接 resolve;5. 需防止循环引用和多次调用,确保错误冒泡。

Promise 是 JavaScript 中处理异步操作的核心机制,理解其底层原理有助于更好地掌握异步编程。下面从手写一个简易但核心功能完整的 Promise 出发,深入剖析其实现逻辑。

Promise 核心特性与状态机

一个符合 Promise/A+ 规范的实现必须满足以下几点:

  • Promise 有三种状态:pending(等待)、fulfilled(成功)、rejected(失败)
  • 状态只能由 pending 转为 fulfilled 或 rejected,且一旦确定不可逆
  • 通过 then 方法注册成功和失败的回调,支持链式调用
  • then 的回调函数是异步执行的(微任务)

我们基于这些规则来实现一个简化版的 MyPromise。

基础结构与状态管理

先定义构造函数和基本状态:

function MyPromise(executor) {
  this.state = 'pending';
  this.value = undefined;
  this.reason = undefined;
  this.onFulfilledCallbacks = [];
  this.onRejectedCallbacks = [];

  const resolve = (value) => {
    if (this.state === 'pending') {
      this.state = 'fulfilled';
      this.value = value;
      this.onFulfilledCallbacks.forEach(fn => fn());
    }
  };

  const reject = (reason) => {
    if (this.state === 'pending') {
      this.state = 'rejected';
      this.reason = reason;
      this.onRejectedCallbacks.forEach(fn => fn());
    }
  };

  try {
    executor(resolve, reject);
  } catch (err) {
    reject(err);
  }
}

这里通过数组缓存未执行的回调,确保在异步 resolve/reject 后仍能正确触发。

实现 then 方法

then 方法是 Promise 的核心,需返回一个新的 Promise 以支持链式调用:

MyPromise.prototype.then = function(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
  onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === 'function' ? onFulfilled : val => val;
  onRejected = typeof onRejected === 'function' ? onRejected : err => { throw err; };

  const promise2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
    if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
      queueMicrotask(() => {
        try {
          const x = onFulfilled(this.value);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        } catch (e) {
          reject(e);
        }
      });
    }

    if (this.state === 'rejected') {
      queueMicrotask(() => {
        try {
          const x = onRejected(this.reason);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        } catch (e) {
          reject(e);
        }
      });
    }

    if (this.state === 'pending') {
      this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(() => {
        queueMicrotask(() => {
          try {
            const x = onFulfilled(this.value);
            resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
          } catch (e) {
            reject(e);
          }
        });
      });

      this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(() => {
        queueMicrotask(() => {
          try {
            const x = onRejected(this.reason);
            resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
          } catch (e) {
            reject(e);
          }
        });
      });
    }
  });

  return promise2;
};

注意使用 queueMicrotask 模拟微任务执行,保证回调异步且优先于 setTimeout。

处理返回值与链式传递

Promise 链的关键在于 resolvePromise 函数,它决定如何处理 then 回调的返回值:

function resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject) {
  if (promise2 === x) {
    return reject(new TypeError('Chaining cycle detected'));
  }

  let called;
  if (x != null && (typeof x === 'object' || typeof x === 'function')) {
    try {
      const then = x.then;
      if (typeof then === 'function') {
        then.call(x, y => {
          if (called) return;
          called = true;
          resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
        }, r => {
          if (called) return;
          called = true;
          reject(r);
        });
      } else {
        resolve(x);
      }
    } catch (e) {
      if (called) return;
      called = true;
      reject(e);
    }
  } else {
    resolve(x);
  }
}

这段逻辑判断返回值是否为 Promise,如果是则递归解析,否则直接 resolve。

基本上就这些。虽然省略了 catch、finally、all、race 等方法,但核心机制已完整。手写一遍能真正理解 Promise 如何解决回调地狱、实现链式调用和错误冒泡。不复杂但容易忽略细节,比如循环引用、多次调用保护、异步调度等。