手写一个符合Promises/A+规范的Promise_javascript技巧

实现一个符合 Promises/A+ 规范的 Promise 需遵循状态不可变、异步执行、链式调用等规则,核心包括三种状态(pending、fulfilled、rejected)、then 方法返回新 Promise、resolvePromise 处理返回值、catch 和 finally 的语法糖实现,以及静态 resolve 和 reject 方法,完整覆盖规范关键机制。

实现一个符合 Promises/A+ 规范的 Promise 并不只是写个简单的异步容器,而是要严格遵循状态机制、异步解析和链式调用等核心规则。下面是一个精简但完全符合 Promises/A+ 规范核心逻辑的手写 Promise 实现,包含关键特性:状态管理、then 链式调用、值穿透、错误捕获以及异步执行。

Promise 的三种状态

Promise 有三个状态:

  • pending:初始状态,未完成也未拒绝
  • fulfilled:操作成功完成
  • rejected:操作失败

状态一旦从 pending 变为 fulfilled 或 rejected,就不能再改变。

基本结构与状态控制

function MyPromise(executor) {
  this.state = 'pending';
  this.value = undefined;
  this.reason = undefined;
  this.onFulfilledCallbacks = [];
  this.onRejectedCallbacks = [];

  const resolve = (value) => {
    if (this.state === 'pending') {
      this.state = 'fulfilled';
      this.value = value;
      this.onFulfilledCallbacks.forEach(fn => fn());
    }
  };

  const reject = (reason) => {
    if (this.state === 'pending') {
      this.state = 'rejected';
      this.reason = reason;
      this.onRejectedCallbacks.forEach(fn => fn());
    }
  };

  try {
    executor(resolve, reject);
  } catch (error) {
    reject(error);
  }
}

构造函数接收一个执行器函数(executor),立即执行,并传入 resolve 和 reject 函数。通过闭包维护状态和回调队列。

实现 then 方法

then 方法是 Promise 的核心,必须返回一个新的 Promise,以支持链式调用。

MyPromise.prototype.then = function(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
  // 处理透传值,默认函数
  onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === 'function' ? onFulfilled : val => val;
  onRejected = typeof onRejected === 'function' ? onRejected : err => { throw err; };

  const promise2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
    if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
      setTimeout(() => {
        try {
          const x = onFulfilled(this.value);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        } catch (e) {
          reject(e);
        }
      }, 0);
    }

    if (this.state === 'rejected') {
      setTimeout(() => {
        try {
          const x = onRejected(this.reason);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        } catch (e) {
          reject(e);
        }
      }, 0);
    }

    if (this.state === 'pending') {
      this.onFulfilledCallbacks.push(() => {
        setTimeout(() => {
          try {
            const x = onFulfilled(this.value);
            resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
          } catch (e) {
            reject(e);
          }
        }, 0);
      });

      this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(() => {
        setTimeout(() => {
          try {
            const x = onRejected(this.reason);
            resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
          } catch (e) {
            reject(e);
          }
        }, 0);
      });
    }
  });

  return promise2;
};

注意使用 setTimeout 模拟异步微任务(实际规范中应使用 queueMicrotask,但 setTimeout 在浏览器中可模拟异步行为)。

处理返回值 resolvePromise

这个函数决定如何处理 then 回调的返回值 x,是 Promises/A+ 最复杂的一部分。

function resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject) {
  if (promise2 === x) {
    return reject(new TypeError('Chaining cycle detected'));
  }

  let called = false;

  if (x != null && (typeof x === 'object' || typeof x === 'function')) {
    try {
      const then = x.then;

      if (typeof then === 'function') {
        then.call(x, y => {
          if (called) return;
          called = true;
          resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
        }, r => {
          if (called) return;
          called = true;
          reject(r);
        });
      } else {
        resolve(x);
      }
    } catch (e) {
      if (called) return;
      called = true;
      reject(e);
    }
  } else {
    resolve(x);
  }
}

该函数判断 x 是否为 Promise 或类 Promise 对象(有 then 方法),递归解析直到得到最终值。

补充方法:catch 和 finally

catch 是 then 的语法糖,只处理错误。

MyPromise.prototype.catch = function(onRejected) {
  return this.then(null, onRejected);
};

MyPromise.prototype.finally = function(callback) {
  return this.then(
    value => MyPromise.resolve(callback()).then(() => value),
    reason => MyPromise.resolve(callback()).then(() => { throw reason; })
  );
};

finally 不影响结果值,无论成功或失败都会执行 callback。

静态方法:resolve 和 reject

MyPromise.resolve = function(value) {
  return new MyPromise(resolve => resolve(value));
};

MyPromise.reject = function(reason) {
  return new MyPromise((_, reject) => reject(reason));
};

基本上就这些。这个手写 Promise 覆盖了 Promises/A+ 的主要规范点:状态不可逆、then 返回新 Promise、异步执行、错误捕获、链式解析。虽然没有覆盖所有边界测试,但已足够理解其核心机制。在真实项目中推荐使用原生 Promise,但在面试或学习时,这种实现能深刻掌握异步编程原理。